{"id":3788,"date":"2026-08-26T13:11:45","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T05:11:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quartz-grinding.epic-powder.com\/?p=3788"},"modified":"2026-08-26T13:11:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-26T05:11:48","slug":"what-are-the-different-purity-requirements-for-quartz-raw-materials-for-different-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quartz-grinding.epic-powder.com\/vi\/what-are-the-different-purity-requirements-for-quartz-raw-materials-for-different-applications\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh th\u00f4 cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u1ea1ch anh<\/a> Th\u1ea1ch anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y tinh, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao (nh\u01b0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng). \u0110\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea1ch anh\u2014t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO\u2082\u2014\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao\u2014ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u th\u1ea1ch anh\u2014y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed si\u00eau cao. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/strong><\/td>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (L\u01b0\u1edbi)<\/strong><\/td>Ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng w(SiO2\u200b)%<\/strong><\/td>Ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng w(Fe2\u200bO3\u200b)\u00d710\u22126<\/strong><\/td>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
C\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh si\u00eau tinh khi\u1ebft<\/strong><\/td>40~70 70~140<\/td>99.99<\/td><2<\/td>K\u00ednh th\u1ea1ch anh cao c\u1ea5p<\/td><\/tr>
C\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao<\/strong><\/td>40~70 70~140<\/td>99.98<\/td>2<\/td>1. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n cho linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed

2. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i cho m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn (b\u1ed9t silica)<\/td><\/tr>
C\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao<\/strong><\/td>40~70 70~140<\/td>99.96<\/td><5<\/td>3. Th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea1ch anh m\u1edd \u0111\u1ee5c, v.v.

4. K\u00ednh quang h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao<\/td><\/tr>
C\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao<\/strong><\/td>40~70 70~140<\/td>99.90<\/td><10<\/td>5. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 kali silicat, natri silicat, v.v.<\/td><\/tr>
C\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh tinh ch\u1ebf<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \/ M\u1ecdi k\u00edch c\u1ee1<\/td>99.6<\/td><200<\/td>K\u00ednh quang h\u1ecdc, k\u00ednh d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, v.v.<\/td><\/tr>
C\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/td>\u0110\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \/ M\u1ecdi k\u00edch c\u1ee1<\/td>>96<\/td><500<\/td>Th\u1ee7y tinh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fac, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Th\u1ea1ch<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7y tinh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7y tinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh. Th\u1ea1ch anh mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho th\u1ee7y tinh silicat v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 trong su\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO2 trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7y tinh silicat. Trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y tinh silicat th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, SiO2 th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 65% \u0111\u1ebfn 75%. Th\u1ee7y tinh n\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a h\u01a1n 96% SiO2, \u00edt h\u01a1n 2% Al2O3, t\u1eeb 0,01% \u0111\u1ebfn 0,1% Fe2O3 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 0,4 mm. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 0,5 mm v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,1 mm kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 5%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh cao c\u1ea5p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 k\u00ednh chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, k\u00ednh ph\u1eb3ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 k\u00ednh quang h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1eaft khe h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO2 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean 99%, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Fe2O3 ph\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,05%\u20130,1%, v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Al2O3 v\u00e0 TiO2 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,5%\u20132,0% v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,05%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7y tinh kh\u00e1c nhau thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh d\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/strong><\/td>Lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>SiO2<\/strong><\/td>Fe2O3<\/strong><\/td>Cr2O3<\/strong><\/td>TiO2<\/strong><\/td>Al2O3<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
Hoa K\u1ef3<\/strong><\/td>Quang h\u1ecdc<\/td>99.8<\/td>0.02<\/td><\/td><\/td><0,1<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Ph\u1eb3ng<\/td>>98,5<\/td><0,35<\/td><\/td><0,2<\/td><0,5<\/td><\/tr>
Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/td>Quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p 1<\/td>99.8<\/td>0.02<\/td><\/td><\/td>0.1<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Ph\u1eb3ng<\/td>>97<\/td><0,06<\/td><\/td><\/td>>0,1<\/td><\/tr>
V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh<\/strong><\/td>Quang h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea5p<\/td>99.5<\/td>0.008<\/td>0.0001<\/td>0.03<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Ph\u1eb3ng<\/td>>98,5<\/td><0,03<\/td><0,0005<\/td><0,5<\/td><0,5<\/td><\/tr>
Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/strong><\/td>K\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/td>>99,5<\/td>>0,05<\/td><0,001<\/td><0,05<\/td><0,5<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>Ph\u1eb3ng<\/td>>98,5<\/td><0,1<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea1ch anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 l\u00e0 silic dioxide c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 tinh khi\u1ebft. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea1ch anh h\u00ecnh chu\u00f4ng kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00f2 nung silicon \u0111a tinh th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"C\u00e1ch
L\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec1n b\u1ed9t th\u1ea1ch anh<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fac c\u01a1 kh\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fac c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, th\u1ea1ch anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0m c\u00e1t t\u1ea1o khu\u00f4n, l\u00f5i \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do, ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y cao, c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c gia nhi\u1ec7t, kh\u1eed l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 kh\u1eed oxy trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ea5u ch\u1ea3y. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. N\u00f3i chung, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5n c\u00e1t t\u1ea1o khu\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t. V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac c\u00e1t nh\u1ef1a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO2 cao h\u01a1n 971 TP3T v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb 40 \u0111\u1ebfn 320 mesh. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fac c\u01a1 kh\u00ed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kho\u1ea3ng 331 TP3T trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fac:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>H\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \/ C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9<\/strong><\/td>H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td><\/strong><\/td><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
<\/td><\/td>SiO\u2082 (%)<\/strong><\/td>Fe\u2082O\u2083 (%)<\/strong><\/td>Al\u2082O\u2083 (%)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fac<\/strong><\/td>L\u1edbp 1<\/strong><\/td>>97<\/td><0,75<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>L\u1edbp II<\/strong><\/td>>97,5<\/td><1.0<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>L\u1edbp III<\/strong><\/td>>94<\/td><1,5<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 IV<\/strong><\/td>>90<\/td><\/td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 ch\u1ee9a feldspar, th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung, n\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 co ng\u00f3t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi alumina \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh khung c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1m. N\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 trong su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/td><\/td>H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t<\/td><\/td><\/tr>
Ki\u1ec3u<\/td>SiO2 (%)<\/td>Fe2O3 (<%)<\/td>Al2O3 (%)<\/td><\/tr>
G\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh<\/td>98.5<\/td><0,02<\/td><0,5<\/td><\/tr>
G\u1ed1m Radio<\/td>98.5<\/td><0,05<\/td><2.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9:<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ea1ch anh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh c\u1ee7a men g\u1ed1m. N\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t men g\u1ed1m (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00f3ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng m\u00e0i m\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc). Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO\u2082 trong men c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a men.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u1ed1m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea1ch anh l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nghi\u1ec1n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nghi\u1ec1n bi<\/a> Quy tr\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea1o h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p s\u1ec7t, t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fac khu\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00fac h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p s\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u00eau k\u1ebft. G\u1ed1m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n axit v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, g\u1ed1m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 luy\u1ec7n kim v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a g\u1ed1m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u g\u1ed1m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9a quan tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fac ph\u00f4i silicon \u0111a tinh th\u1ec3. Do ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 1.500\u00b0C trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n thao t\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u1eaft khe v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t<\/a>v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"C\u00e1ch<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ea1ch ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda silic, bao g\u1ed3m g\u1ea1ch silic, g\u1ea1ch silic nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y. G\u1ea1ch silic ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 l\u00f2 th\u1ee7y tinh, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m phosphoquartz v\u00e0 orthoquartz. C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea1ch anh. Do th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch anh nung ch\u1ea3y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>H\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \/ C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9<\/strong><\/td>H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td><\/strong><\/td><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
<\/td><\/td>SiO2(%)<\/strong><\/td>Fe2O3 (%)<\/strong><\/td>Al2O3(%)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/td>H\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/td>>98<\/td><0,5<\/td><0,5<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>L\u1edbp 1<\/strong><\/td>>97,5<\/td><1.0<\/td><1.0<\/td><\/tr>
<\/td>L\u1edbp II<\/strong><\/td>>96<\/td><1,5<\/td><1,5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda g\u1ed1c silic c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 1650\u20131700\u00b0C, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f3a m\u1ec1m ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean 1650\u00b0C, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO\u2082 trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea1ch anh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda. N\u00f3i chung, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO\u2082 trong nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t 93% tr\u1edf l\u00ean; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft tinh k\u00e9m, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t th\u00f4 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi 2 mm.
H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t). \u0110\u1ed9 k\u1ebft tinh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m c\u00e0ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n d\u1eabn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng r\u1eafn, nh\u1ef1a epoxy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t cao: \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a silicon dioxide ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t 99,9% tr\u1edf l\u00ean, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eaft (Fe) d\u01b0\u1edbi 5 ppm v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 300 ppm. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ea1ch anh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Hi\u1ec7n nay, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 sang th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7y tinh, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1eeda th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y tinh l\u1ecfng, silica gel v\u00e0 natri silicat. L\u1ea5y natri silicat l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng l\u1ecfng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Natri silicat l\u1ecfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh cho h\u1ed9p b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO\u2082 tr\u00ean 98%, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Fe\u2082O\u2083 d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,2% v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb 0,2 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 mm. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, natri silicat r\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c trong l\u1ecdc d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n: h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO\u2082 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 99% v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Fe\u2082O\u2083 d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,03%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u polyme h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 m\u00e0ng nh\u1ef1a, cao su, ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee7, s\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u00eam c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n n\u00e9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a. Nh\u00ecn chung, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh kh\u00e1 cao, v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng SiO\u2082 t\u1eeb 99% tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Fe\u2082O\u2083 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,05%. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1t th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ea1ch anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"Emily<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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C\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc. T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i h\u1eefu \u00edch. Vui l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u0103m s\u00f3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Zelda n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n \u2014 \u0110\u0103ng b\u1edfi Emily Chen<\/a><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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